Finance and Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance and Accounting - Essay Example This paper will expansively present the accounting policies and the changes adapted by JP Morgan Chase in order to successfully face the modern day challenges. A complete analysis of the major changes incorporated by JP Morgan chase will be expansively presented in this paper. The oldest financial services in the world is without a doubt JP Morgan Chase, it has its presence in well over 60 countries. They are the leaders in investment banking, wealth management and a host of other services. The biggest change that ever took place in the history of the financial institutions was the merger with Bank One. This change primarily took place because the other banks like the Bank of America were almost ready to merge with other big banks like FleetBoston. This merger took place because the financial institutions came under increasing pressure during the time of recession. The announcement of this merger was made on 14 January 2004. The Wall Street reacted very positively because of this mer ger and the NASDAQ witnessed growth soon after the merger took place. This paper declares that this change took place because the two financial institutions wanted to downsize and cut the deadwood out. The aim was to save about $2.2 billion over three years and it was planned to eliminate as many as 10,000 people. This again goes to show how desperate even the biggest financial institutions were at the time of recession. Mergers and acquisitions were very common and these overtures were the initial signs which showed that almost all the big financial institutions were panicking. ... This again goes to show how desperate even the biggest financial institutions were at the time of recession. Mergers and acquisitions were very common and these overtures were the initial signs which showed that almost all the big financial institutions were panicking. Volatile corporate banking was the major factor on which JP Morgan primarily functioned. â€Å"Wall Street analysts generally praised the merger, and investors climbed on board. Typically, the shares of the acquirer fall, reflecting the cost of the acquisition. In this case, investors are signaling they believe the combined company will make up for that cost by holding the shares in the $39-$40 range, about where they were before the deal was announced. J.P. Morgan has been on a roll, with its shares up about 74% in the past 12 months. Bank One shares jumped about 15% when the deal was announced, matching the premium J.P. Morgan will pay. Such a move is typical in an acquisition.† (JP Morgan Chase) The investors looked less enthusiastic with the deal between Bank of America and Fleet-Boston. This deal was for a whopping $48 billion. The shares of Fleet-Boston were driven up as a result of this deal because Bank of America offered 40% premium in this deal. The shares of Bank of America however came down and the investors lost a lot of money consequently. Big mergers take place because both the companies involved in the merger want to grow at a tremendous pace but this merger was not very useful for both the financial institutions. The collapse of WORLDCOM in the year 2005 signaled trouble for JP Morgan chase, the institution had to pay a whopping sum of $2 billion. This sum was paid to the different shareholders who had lost a lot of money as a result

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nursing - Essay Example One of the most common strategies that have been employed in hospitals to curb this predicament is the nursing competency assessment, especially in the ICU (Intensive Care Unit). This strategy is significantly striving to eliminate this deadly infection. This article will review literatures which analyze the ongoing versus annual nursing competency assessments that are aimed at decreasing the number of central line blood stream infections in the ICU. It is estimated that approximately 41,000 central line-associated bloodstream infections occur yearly in the United States alone. Research shows that these infections are liable for between 4 to 20% of the deaths that occur in the country annually. This shows that between 500 to 40,000 patients die yearly as a result of the bloodstream infections. In most health centers in the US, it is recommended that patients are grouped into the insertion bundle and the care bundle. Experts claim that combining nursing practices and technology can si gnificantly reduce these infections. Most of the hospital teams in the United States have asserted that the nursing competency assessment has significantly reduced the number of patients with bloodstream infections in the Intensive Care Unit (Harnage, 2007). This assessment usually involves educating the nurses on the best approach to employ when handling the patients with these infections. For example, they are usually taught several methods of improving hand hygiene. This measure has empowered hand hygiene as part of the Central Line placement. According to Harnage (2007), most health centers have hand hygiene dispensers which are frequently checked. The assessment of nurses, physicians and other medical personnel is usually accompanied with an annual assessment of the personnel in order to decrease the bloodstream infections in the Intensive Care Unit. This assessment involves a periodical knowledge assessment of adherence to certain guidelines involved in the Intensive Care Unit . In most cases, nurses who are competent in the care of such patients are usually situated in the Intensive Care Unit. After the assessment, these nurses are known as intensive care nurses. This shows that intensive care nurses form an integral part in reducing the bloodstream infections. Most health centers, which aim for a high level of compliance, usually ensure that they prevent such infections. Therefore, nurses should be empowered to supervise the preparations during a line insertion by using a checklist that is aimed at preventing such infections (Harnage, 2007). Hatler, Zack, Hebden and Kaler (2010), noted that it is clear that clinical nurses form an integral part in optimizing the outcomes of a patient especially through monitoring and management of the patient. The bloodstream associated infections have a severe impact on mortality and cost of care. The intensive care nurses are responsible for providing the necessary care to such patients. There are several health cente rs that have devised other strategies beyond the common Central Line bundle to reduce the number of bloodstream infection in the Intensive Care Units (Richardson & Tjoelker, 2012). Some of the institutions have included a thorough nurse surveillance system. This is a valuable strategy that aims in ensuring optimal patient outcomes. According to a recent survey, this strategy has decreased the rate of deaths in the Intensive Care Unit and the Critical Care Unit significantly. In most instances, these infections usually prolong the hospitalization of a patient to an average of seven days and an approximate cost of between $3700 and $29500 (Richardson & Tjo

The characters in Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

The characters in Of Mice and Men Essay Many of the characters in Of Mice and Men have dreams. What are their dreams and how near are any of them to achieving what they want? Many characters have dreams and aspirations in the story Of Mice and Men and try to achieve them in different ways. Many characters have dreams and I will be discussing the dreams of: Candy, Crooks, Curley and his wife. Candy, Crooks and Curley wife all have similar dreams, which is to have freedom and equality. All three characters are treated with very little respect and are seen as lower class due to race, gender, age or disability. Dreams are very important to the characters as they help them to escape from reality even if only for a short while. Their dreams are also significant as they are hope that things will get better and are vital to keep spirits high. However, many peoples dreams were affected by the economic downfall that America experienced. The story is set in the 1930s, which was when America experienced the Wall Street crash. This was when the stock market collapsed and many Americans lost thousands of dollars they had invested. This caused mass homelessness and led to the great depression. During this era there was lots of prejudice and discrimination against black people, women, the elderly and the disabled. This affected them the worst as any time when life was getting tough they were hit much worse and were the first to experience suffering. This tough lifestyle encouraged people to dream as many people believed in the American Dream which was that everyone deserved a piece of prosperity if they worked hard enough. So a dream helped people to get by as it encouraged people to work hard and remain optimistic that they can succeed and it also helped people by temporarily escaping from reality. One character in the story called Candy had a dream but it was crushed when he busted his hand and he gave up. Candy is the first person George and Lennie meet on the ranch and he was the swamper. Later on in the novel Candy overhears George and Lennie speaking of their dream and he becomes involved as when he busted his hand he received compensation and offers his money and says he would cook for them. For example Candy says: I aint much good, but I can cook and tend the chickens. This dream is very important for Candy as he is getting old and needs to retire soon so he becomes very enthusiastic and optimistic about the dream and starts to realise that he may be able to retire and live happily. This is shown when Candy interrupts George and the way that he is being inquisitive. Candy then talks of the dream to Crooks even though George said not to talk about it to anyone else. When Candys dog dies there is a sense of dramatic irony as it is almost foreseeing a bad event is about to occur. Later Candy goes into the barn to check on Lennie but instead discovers a shocking sight, Curleys wife laying dead in the middle of the barn and he sense it is the end of the dream for example he says: Oh Jesus Christ! this shows his show and despair as he knows its only the beginning of bad events. However, Candy doesnt want to let the dream go and shows he wants to carry on dreaming as he says: You and me can get that little place, cant we George? Candy feels very strongly about the dream as he starts yelling at Curleys dead wife that she ruined their dream. This is shown when he says: You God dam tramp and You done it didnt you. Although Candy does get quite close to his dream with George and Lennie I do not think he will achieve his dream as his hope has now gone as he faces reality that he can not work on his own and make his dream come true. Candys hope did inspire Crooks to dream and at one stage Crooks was thinking about joining their dream. Candy thinks that Crooks is a nice fella for a black man and that although he is black they get on well. Candy also says The boss gives him hell when he mad. This shows that if the boss is angry he will take it out on Crooks due to his minority ethnicity in the 1930s. Crooks has lots of possessions including law books. This is shown in the following quote: And he had books, too; a tattered dictionary and a mauled copy of the California civic code for 1905. This shows us that he has an interest in law and his own rights. This gives us the impression that Crooks dreams of freedom as he keeps a law book on him so he knows what rights he does have even though there are very few. Crooks had a daydream about the past when he did not know of racism as a child and played with the white children unaware of the discrimination he was later to face. People treat Crooks with no respect yet he does not react but he doesnt have a choice as he is outnumbered and treated unfairly. Crooks does not mind Lennie and Candy visiting his room as they are similar to him as they are both treated with less respect due to mental or physical disabilities. When Crooks first hears about the dream he laughs at Lennie and says he is crazy. This is shown by the following quote: Youre as crazy as a wedge. What rabbits you talking about? This simile shows how crazy Crooks thinks Lennie is. . However, after Candy explains it all to him Crooks gets involved with it and says If you guys wanted a hand to work for nothing just for his keep, Id come and lend a hand. Then Curleys wife comes along and ruins the dream for Crooks by insulting the three of them. For example she calls them: A Nigger an a dum-dum and a lousy ol sheep Curleys wife then goes on to belittle Crooks even more by saying: Well, you keep your place then, Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny. This make Crooks go silent and he no longer wants to be in the dream. For example: Crooks seemed to grow smaller. This shows that Crooks has now been silenced and has to accept that he has no say once again. Crooks is nowhere near close to achieving his dream of freedom and equality, as there will be racism and intolerance for a long while. Crooks hope was shot down when Curleys wife came in and ruined his dream. Curleys wife is described as very purty but jail bait. This is because she is very pretty but she is very promiscuous so Curley gets suspicious when she talks to another guy and he would start a fight if he caught her. Lennie thinks that she is very attractive and this worries George as he has a history of going for attractive girls as he held a womans dress previously and caused trouble. I think Curleys wife is exactly how the men think of her, that she is a tart. This is because she goes around giving other men the eye and is always flirting with other men. However, she is only like this because Curley gives her very little attention and treats her with no respect so if she had a good husband she would act appropriately. Life is very tough for her on the ranch because all she wants is some love and attention what Curley does not give her and the other men do not either, as they are afraid of Curley. I think she turned nasty in Crooks room because they were reluctant to talk to her and she just flipped out of frustration. Curleys wife dreams of being in the movies and being a famous actor as she met a man who said she could be a star and ever since then she hoped for the best. This is shown when she says: An a guy told me he could of put me in pitchers. Curleys wife needed to have dreams as they kept her going and made her fell as though her life would one day get better and she could be a movie star. When Curleys wife was found dead it ruined everyones dream. George and Lennie could no longer get their own place as Lennie was about to be hunted down and Crooks and Candy could no longer get out of the ranch and live with them as the dream was fuelled entirely on Lennies enthusiasm. Curley was a terrible husband to his wife as he paid no attention to her whatsoever and maybe she was better off dead than living with him. For example Curleys Wife says: swell guy, aint he? this shows that she is being sarcastic and really telling them hes a bad husband. So far most of the character we met, apart from the boss and slim, have dreams; however, it is unlikely that anyone will fulfill these dreams as one small event could end on big dream. Contrasting dreams are important to different people and when the novel was set dreams were more significant due to the corrupt way of society back then. So dreams were hope, inspiration and optimism to those who were disliked by society and were at a disadvantage. The title of the novel Of Mice and Men was derived from the poem To A Mouse. John Steinbeck may have chosen this, as the meaning of to a mouse is that no plan is foolproof, which is what happens in the story as the dream was not definitely going to happen and it did not. He may have also done this as in To A Mouse Robert Burns says: The best laid schemes o mice an men Gang aft agley. This translates as the best-laid plans of mice and men often go astray. This is an overview of Of Mice and Men as the dream was well planned but it went wrong. No Matter how much you plan and how near you get nothing is set in stone.

Types And History Of Heat Detectors Engineering Essay

Types And History Of Heat Detectors Engineering Essay Fire is one of the biggest threats people are facing in our society these days. Many methods are being used to prevent such danger on the citizens, such as making sure that every house has a fire extinguisher incase of fire starting in a persons house. These methods are improving by time and are getting more advanced and safer for the protection of people. Many changes were made to a fire alarm, yet the most recent and favorite ones are the fire detectors with all its types. However, to avoid danger most latest buildings provide each flat with a fire detector that can detect any hazard that will be caused by fire caused unintentionally. Fire alarms consist of many different types mainly smoke alarm detectors and heat detectors. We chose to build our own heat detector that detects any change in the temperature of the room. This experiment will include mainly a heat sensor and a temperature detector, and a buzzer that turns on when the temperature changes. The report includes a search on different types of fire alarms and their use. Types of fire alarms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It is definitely hard to get robbed and lose your belongings, yet a thief will leave your home where you live with your family and are considered your shelter. Fire will leave nothing except ashes of what was before a house. However, fire can be a very destructive force. Acting too late in the instance of a fire can not only entail the loss of your property, but of your life as well. This is the reason is why having a fire alarm in your home is necessary. Brief historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The first automatic electric fire alarm was invented n 1890 by Francis Robbins Upton. In late 1930s the Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger tried to invent a sensor for poison gas. He expected that gas entering the sensor would bind to ionize air molecules and thereby alter an electric current in a circuit in the instrument. Francis Upton His device failed (small concentration of gas had no effect on the senors conductivity). When Jaeger lit a cigarette he was surprised to notice that a meter on eh instrument had registered a drop on current. Therefore, he discovered that smoke particles had done what poison gas could not do. Jaegers experiment was one of advances that paved the way for the modern day smoke detector. Smoke detectors started off with a generally high price that people couldnt afford, except for major businesses and theaters. The first affordable smoke detectors were invented by Duane D. Pearsall and Stanley Peterson in 1965, featuring individual battery powered units that could be easily installed and replaced. The first units for mass production came from the manufacturing mind of Stanley B. Peterson in 1975 at Duane Pearsalls company in Lakewood. These first units were made from strong fire resistant steel and shaped much like a bees hive. The battery was a rechargeable specialize unit created by gat es energy. We all know that fire alarms are designed to alert people to the possibility of a fire in their homes. Although any smoke alarm can be useful, it is often recommended that you choose a specific type of fire alarm for your home. This is because certain types of fire alarms can be more suited for certain places and for certain people. There are different types of fire alarms that people usually choose from to use in their houses for protection. Smoke detector 1) Smoke alarm detectors These are the most common types of fire alarms. Often, the term smoke alarm is used interchangeably with fire alarm. Smoke alarms actually detect smoke, not the actual fire. There are generally two types of smoke alarms: A) Photoelectric This type of fire alarm sees the smoke. This fire alarm is particularly responsive to smoldering fires or the type of fires that give out a lot of smoke. These are ideal for places where there are things like PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) or foam. This fire alarm, though, is slightly more expensive than ionization alarms. This fire alarm must also be kept clean since it can give off false alerts due to dust and insects. In one type of photoelectric device, smoke can block a light beam. In this case, the reduction in light reaching a photocell sets off the alarm. In the most common type of photoelectric unit, however, light is scattered by smoke particles onto a photocell, initiating an alarm. In this type of detector there is a T-shaped chamber with a light-emitting diode (LED) that shoots a beam of light across the horizontal bar of the T. A photocell, positioned at the bottom of the vertical base of the T, generates a current when it is exposed to light. Under smoke-free conditions, the light beam crosses the top of the T in an uninterrupted straight line, not striking the photocell positioned at a right angle below the beam. When smoke is present, the light is scattered by smoke particles, and some of the light is directed down the vertical part of the T to strike the photocell. When sufficient light hits the cell, the current triggers the alarm. Figure 1 -In this type of detector there is a figure 2- When sufficient light hits the cell, T-shaped chamber with a light-emitting the current triggers the alarm. Diode (LED) that shoots a beam of light across the horizontal bar of the T. B) Ionization This type of fire alarm detects the invisible particles caused by combustion. As opposed to the photoelectric fire alarm seeing the smoke, this type feels the smoke. This can best detect flaming fires with no visible smoke. However, you should not place this type of fire alarm in the kitchen as it is susceptible to false alarms. It is also cheaper than other types of fire alarms. Ionization detectors have an ionization chamber and a source of ionizing radiation. The ionization chamber consists of two plates separated by about a centimeter. The battery applies a voltage to the plates, charging one plate positive and the other plate negative. Alpha particles constantly released by the americium knock electrons off of the atoms in the air, ionizing the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the chamber. The positively-charged oxygen and nitrogen atoms are attracted to the negative plate and the electrons are attracted to the positive plate, generating a small, continuous electric current. When smoke enters the ionization chamber, the smoke particles attach to the ions and neutralize them, so they do not reach the plate. The drop in current between the plates triggers the alarm. Which Method is better? Both ionization and photoelectric detectors are effective smoke sensors. Both types of smoke detectors must pass the same test to be certified as UL smoke detectors. Ionization detectors respond more quickly to flaming fires with smaller combustion particles; photoelectric detectors respond more quickly to flaming fires. In either type of detector, steam or high humidity can lead to condensation on the circuit board and sensor, causing the alarm to sound. Ionization detectors are less expensive than photoelectric detectors, but some users purposely disable them because they are more likely to sound an alarm from normal cooking due to their sensitivity to minute smoke particles. However, ionization detectors have a degree of built-in security not inherent to photoelectric detectors. When the battery starts to fail in an ionization detector, the ion current falls and the alarm sounds, warning that it is time to change the battery before the detector becomes ineffective. Back-up batteri es may be used for photoelectric detectors. Ionization chamber Heat detector Smoke alarms in homes can go off whenever theres smoke present. If a person smokes cigarettes, burns food or lights incense, a smoke alarm might go off. A heat detector, on the other hand, is indifferent to how much or what type of smoke is in the air. It will only react when it detects a change in heat, associating that heat change with the possibility of a fire in the area. 2) Heat alarm detectors- are devices that respond to changes in temperature of the surrounding area. If the ambient temperature rises above a predetermined threshold an alarm signal is triggered. In the case of sprinkle systems, water will be released to extinguish the fire. Heat detectors can also be further broken into two main classifications: Rate-of-rise heat detectors- ROR heat detectors react to the sudden change or rise in ambient temperature from a normal baseline condition. Any sudden temperature increase that matches the predetermined alarm criteria will cause an alarm. This type of heat detector can react to a lower threshold condition than would be possible if the threshold were fixed. A typical alarm may sound when the rate of the temperature rise exceeds the rate that was chosen as the normal safe rate of the temperature per minute. However, it detects fires that rapidly grow in intensity. This method responds to abnormally fast temperature increases. Fixed temperature heat detectors- this type of detector reacts when the ambient temperature reaches a fixed point. The most common fixed temperature point is 136.4 F (58C). Recent technological developments have enabled the perfection of detector that activate at a temperature of 117 F (47 C), providing increased time to escape. This method detects fires that build temperatures to a high level at a slow rate. This method responds to a specific temperature setting. A fixed head detector must be completely heated to alarm temperature and therefore a disastrous interval in time may occur with a fast rate fire. Which method is better? Heat detectors commonly have a label on them that says not a life safety device. That is because heat detectors are not meant to replace smoke detectors in the bedrooms or in the hallway outside of the bedrooms. A heat detector will nonetheless notify of a fire in a kitchen, where smoke detectors should not be installed. This will allow more time to evacuate the building or put out the fire if possible. Each type of heat detector has its advantages, and it cannot be said that one type is better than the other. If we placed a rate-of-rise heat detector above a large, closed oven, then every time the door is opened an alarm could be generated due to the sudden heat transient. In this situation the fixed threshold detector would probably be best. If a room filled with highly combustible materials is protected with a fixed heat detector then a fast-flaming fire could exceed the alarm threshold due to thermal interval. In that case the rate-of-rise heat detector may be preferred. The secret of the heat detection units sensitivity is in the design. The outer shell is made of a rapidly expanding alloy which closely follows changes in surrounding air temperature. The inner struts are made of a lower expanding alloy. Designed to resist thermal energy absorption and sealed inside the shell, the struts follow temperature changes more slowly. A slow rate fire will heat the shell and struts together. At the set point, the unit will trigger, actuating the alarm or releasing the extinguishment. A transient rush of warm air up to 40 °F /min. may expand the shell, but not enough to trigger the unit. By ignoring transient warm air excursions, the DETECT-A-FIRE unit virtually eliminates false alarms prevalent with rate-of-rise devices. If a fast rate fire starts, the shell will expand rapidly. The struts will close, actuating the alarm or releasing the agent. The faster the fire rate of growth, the sooner the DETECT-A-FIRE unit will react. Why Heat Detectors? No annoying beep when the battery is low Best loop capability Affordable compared to other detectors Immunity towards electromagnetic interference Resistive against contagion like UV and IR rays No necessity to change batteries Inherently secure and reliable

10 GB Mailboxes! A Revolution in Mailbox Sizes? :: science

10 GB Mailboxes! A Revolution in Mailbox Sizes? It is greatly recommended that you read this article. It may change the current trend in mailboxes. Excerpt: By applying a new saving method in email service providers, the storage space reduces & as a result users can enjoy 10 GB email boxes! (Or even more!) 10 GB Mailboxes! A Revolution in Mailbox Sizes? 1. There are two kinds of emails: Private Emails & Public Emails. Private Emails are the emails you send to your wife, friend or business partner. They should not be read by any other person. Public Emails are the emails that news agencies, news papers, TV channels, corporations, etc. send to their subscribers to tell them about latest news, views, prices, etc. These emails although having same text & content are sent to many persons maybe up to 10,000 or even 100,000. 2. Public Emails are applied for by many users, so many copies of public emails are stored on the hard disk of any internet based email service provider (MSN, Yahoo, AOL, etc.) The storing mechanism seems to be like this: Dedicating a folder on the hard disk of an email service provider to each user & storing all emails of users in their specific folders, the contents of which are displayed whenever users sign in their mailboxes & a database verifies their usernames/passwords. Under this mechanism 100,000 same newsletters are stored in 100,000 different folders; if 100,000 users apply for the newsletter. How uneconomic! Just imagine that this mechanism be substituted by another that rely on only one copy of a public email for everyone's use, it will be a giant step in reducing the disk size needed to save data so it will result in much larger mailboxes (probably up to 10 GB ! or even more!) Consider that only one copy of 10 GB sum of emails can be used by all! It will boost mail usage & satisfy users unprecedentedly. 3. A probable solution: Using one shared folder instead of many folders. In this case all the users` emails are stored in one place instead of different places. As a result, the emails that have same title, sender & date (parameters can be added or reduced.) even if received many times are stored only once but a database keeps the records that which emails are sent to whom. In this case when a user signs in & the database verifies username & password, the list of emails & related data that belongs to the user according to database are displayed & whenever the user wants to check his/her emails the database searches for them in the folder & displays to the user.

Harry Potter And The Goblet of Firebook report Essay -- Essays Papers

Harry Potter And The Goblet of Firebook report Harry Potter The Time The Story Takes Place and Setting This story takes place at the present time. It takes place over the course of one year. It all starts at a small town outside London, then moves to an enchanted castle, located in a the middle of Britain. The castle is very large and would take hours to describe in detail. It has secret passages, doors that can move, and suits of armour that can get up and walk around. It has four large towers, and a dungeon in which Potions class is held for the pupils. The castle is actually a large school by the name of â€Å"Hogwart School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.† Hogwart is surrounded by a forbidden forest, which has werewolves and giant spiders in it. The students go to school at the castle, and it is set up like an English boarding school. The school also has a large lake beside it. It is fathoms deep, and has many magical creatures in it, from Hinkypunks, to Merpeople. Characters (1) Dominant The main character in this story is Harry Potter. He is a fourteen year old boy, and the extraordinary thing about him is that he is a magician. He is very famous, because when he was one year old he defeated the most powerful evil sorcerer of the time. The person he defeated was named Voldemort, and he died after killing Harry’s parents and turning on him. Voldemort had many supporters, and after he was weakened and almost lifeless most pretended to be under ...

Hazardous industrial materials and their effects on the human body Essay

Along with today’s modernization is the fact that people become inevitably susceptible to all kinds of hazards even while in the performance of their professions. This harmful reality reveals that any advancement has its way of getting back at the people and the community in general. This also goes to say that due to human’s apparent irresponsibility and negligence, even the occupation which is supposedly advancing one’s interests is the same factor which poses risks. This endangering condition is very evident in an industrial environment where workers are exposed with various kinds of hazardous materials. In an objective to meet and keep up with the demands and requirements of the industrial world, employees in the manufacturing, engineering and related businesses are exposed with the perils of the materials that they are using. However, such situation can be prevented, if not stopped, if only industrial workers are aware of essential safety or security practices while at the same time are provided by the business owner with the needed protection and precaution system. This practice supports the principle of industrial hygiene where work cleanliness or sanitation exists within the industrial environment or is being carried out by the personnel and the organizational set-up in general. The undeniable harmful or even deadly effects of hazardous industrial materials on the human body serve as the grounds for the requirement of promoting and practicing hygiene within the business. In the absence of the said concept or practice, workers’ physical, mental and emotional conditions are endangered for the simple reason that notable hazardous materials are detrimental to the overall quality of human life. While the scenario is not totally hopeless, the situation definitely calls for an increased awareness on the various types of hazardous materials and their eventual implications to the human body. Aside from this, it is mostly needed that work-related precaution and protection practices, as depiction of industrial hygiene, are upheld with an ultimate goal to reduce, if not totally end the negative effects of hazardous industrial materials. Industrial Hygiene, an Overview According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration or OSHA of the U.  S. Department of Labor, industrial hygiene refers to the discipline of â€Å"anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling workplace conditions that may cause workers’ injury or illness (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). It is the science where the so-called industrial hygienists perform various means or approaches of observation and study. These methods are all geared toward the discovery and identification of the scope of industrial employees’ contact and eventual susceptibility to harmful industrial materials. Additionally, the condition calls for the detection of the industry’s engineering, practice management or organization and related ways to check and contain possible industry-related health risks (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Additionally, the OSHA has generally identified the five types of hazardous industrial materials as follows: â€Å"air contaminants, and chemical, biological, physical, and ergonomic hazards† (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Hence, industrial hygienists are required to be familiar with the said classification of industry materials in order for them to be efficient in distinguishing and assessing existing industrial hazards and at the same time implement ways to control such damaging items (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Hazardous Industrial Materials and Effects to Human Body Based from the OSHA classification, air contaminants are considered â€Å"as either particulate or gas and vapor contaminants† (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). These pollutants or toxic materials usually comprised of â€Å"dusts, fumes, mists, aerosols and fibers† (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Examples of hazardous chemical materials are â€Å"solids, liquids, mists, dusts, fumes and vapors† (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Some of the common effects of these materials to human body is manifested in breathing when they are inhaled, absorption when they directly get in touch with one’s skin or ingestion when they are consumed through the mouth (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Harmful biological materials are â€Å"bacteria, viruses, fungi and other living organisms† which trigger severe and lasting infections (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Physical risks result from extreme degrees of â€Å"ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation, noise, vibration, illumination and temperature† (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). Lastly, ergonomic hazards refer to the variety of duties which entail physical actions and bodily strengths (â€Å"Industrial Hygiene,† 1998). The main philosophy of industrial hygiene is for employers and employees to realize the significance of knowing that the materials being used in their respective industrial workplaces are hazardous. Hence, it is essential that these hazardous industrial materials are controlled and well-managed. In the industrial work settings, hazardous materials must be appropriately contained if they are supposedly â€Å"toxic, harmful, corrosive, irritant, sensitizing, carcinogenic (causing cancer), mutagenic (causing genetic damage) and teratogenic (causing abnormalities of the fetus)† (â€Å"Health effects from hazardous substances in workplaces,† 2008). Various harmful implications of harmful industrial materials were listed such as inflammation or itchiness of the skin, work-related asthma, systemic poisoning caused by chemical materials, chemical flames coming from corrosives and the fatal cancer (â€Å"Health effects from hazardous substances in workplaces,† 2008). Additionally, there are known components which establish that workers are indeed susceptible to the negative effects of harmful industrial materials. These are due to the quantity and direction of the exposure, workers’ synchronized contact with such materials and experience of negative effects and one’s sensitivity to the hazardous impacts of such substances (â€Å"Health effects from hazardous substances in workplaces,† 2008). Khan (2008) corroborated the above-mentioned information when he added that when the hazardous industrial materials eventually become waste, they can already result to death, sickness and damage or impairment to workers. Most importantly, Khan pointed out that when inappropriately regarded, transferred or moved and thrown away, these hazardous materials which have already turned into hazardous wastes will ultimately damage the surroundings (Khan, 2008). He further explained that various hazardous materials are to be used only with an unusual manner of safety measures. This is for the reason that in doing so, their harmful effects or the risks posed upon to the workers may be lessen. However, once disposed of, such hazardous substances and wastes are no longer directly contained. Hence they are likely to create particular damage to workers or even other kinds of living things that will have a contact with the said materials (Khan, 2008). Due to such possible harms, Khan emphasized the need for hazardous materials and wastes to be individually processed and controlled from the usual kinds of industrial substances and wastes (Khan, 2008). In particular, Khan reported that hazardous materials come from various industries such as computer software business where the writing itself of the software creates less harmful materials and wastes. However, it is computer manufacturing that is attributed with a significant amount of alarming hazardous substances and wastes. This is because computer manufacturing engages in many industrial procedures or methods that eventually pave the way for the accumulation of hazardous substances and wastes. These process include, but not limited to, the creation of a computer circuit board, fiber optics manufacturing and transmission of copper wire (Khan, 2008). The said industrial hazard is also manifested in the agriculture sector where farmers use harmful materials such as herbicides and pesticides which affect one’s immune system and other equally important human organs (Khan, 2008). Khan also suggested ways on how to properly dispose of hazardous materials and wastes which may start in one’s home and must also be practiced in the workplace. These proposals include even simple safety measures in painting the house during renovation where the toxic substance in paint materials which may cause lung-related diseases and even cancer. Khan further said that even the pollutants and harmful materials we sent out to the environment eventually return and become harmful to the human body. Specifically, excessive fluoride in rivers, lakes and other water forms, which eventually become source of household water, may results into dental and even bone-related implications (Khan, 2008). Industrial Toxicology To emphasize the destruction created by hazardous materials into the human body, Talty (1988) discussed industrial toxicology which is related with the principle of industrial hygiene. Talty started his discussion by stating the fact that the human body or system lives in a frail balance wherein one exists and functions within a surrounding that is regularly attacked by many harmful substances and occurrences. In effect, this attack against the environment eventually leads to various assaults hurled into the human body. Talty said that this condition usually happens or is manifested when a person is connected with an industrial-related work setting. Such kind of work place definitely attracts hazardous foreign materials and physical phenomena because of the nature of task that a worker performs (Talty, 1988). According to the author, the defense system of the human body frequently falls short or is unsuccessful in properly protecting one’s body. This is because there is a high concentration of harmful materials in an industrial kind of work setting. Such work condition becomes an ideal period or opportunity for hazard exposure to exist and eventually poses risks to human body. He further wrote that there are particular considerations for industrial hygienists to look into in establishing the damaging implications of industrial materials. These considerations include the kind of material the nature of the incident. While there are industrial substances which are not directly harmful, there are other materials which are inherently damaging. Hence, for the identified or positively considered as hazardous substances, different degrees of impacts on worker’s body are to be expected (Talty, 1988). Talty stated that determining the specific factor which considers the quality and manner of hazardous materials’ effect to the human system is what industrial toxicology all about. This kind of examination done on chemical agents which are present within an industrial work setting and which are traced as the source of the hazardous effects to one’s body serves as the main objective of the said field of study. Above all the various types pf hazardous industrial materials and how they enter the human body system is the primary concern that these harmful substances definitely harm the physical as well as the mental and emotional aspects of an industrial worker. This is because once they entered into the body, these toxic substances act in various manners to damage the body and even the mental and emotional system of a person. These effects are specifically manifested when said industrial materials act as sources of irritation, asphyxiant and anesthetics which the workers will have to bear (Talty, 1988). Conclusion The philosophy behind industrial hygiene is the idea of properly determining the existence of hazardous industrial substances as well as the efforts to prevent or gradually decrease, if not stop, the inevitable risks that they create. In doing so, an increased awareness through various presentations will definitely help and pave the way for the eventual ending of such kind of work-related problem. This goes to say that previous attempts are not enough to address and ultimately resolve the concern about the damaging effects brought about by industrial substances. While it is not yet too late to address the issue, what is needed is an increased level of precautionary measures for industrial workers to protect their bodies from unintentional destruction. Employers’ sincere actions to evade from cited harmful practices are ultimately required in order to put a stop to this very alarming work-related menace.